[Association between nutrient patterns and changes in weight and waist circumference in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: The association of nutrient patterns with chronic disease and obesity has been much focused on recently. This study investigated the relation between nutrient patterns with changes in weight and waist circumference

Materials and Methods: The study population included 1637 subjects, aged 30-75 years, free of cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, recruited from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [2005-2008]. Participants had complete anthropometric and dietary information and were followed up to the next phase [2008-2011]. Dietary intake of 33 nutrients was collected by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire and three year changes of weight and waist circumference were documented. Nutrient patterns were obtained using principal component analysis

Results: Four nutrient patterns were identified. Median and interquartile range [IQR] of weight and waist circumference changes of participants were 1.0 [-1.0-3.0] kilogram and 3.0 [0.0-8.0] centimetres, respectively. The first pattern [high fat dairy and meat], rich in animal protein, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorous and zinc was associated with higher weight gain 0.258 [0.066-0.449] P for trend=0.009 after adjusting for confounder variables. There were no significant associations for other patterns [fruit and vegetables with dairy, nuts and legumes, and grains and fruits] with changes in weight and waist circumference

Conclusion: Dietary intakes of nutrient patterns rich in animal source foods are directly associated with higher weight gain

Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among iranian steel workers

Musculoskeletal disorders in developing countries are considered as main cause of occupational disorders and disability and highly associated with socioeconomic burden to individual, organization and society in general view. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and associated risk factors among Iranian steel workers. In a cross-sectional study, 1439 questionnaires were provided from 1984 randomly selected workers of four Iranian steel industries. Data of musculoskeletal disorders was gathered by means of standardized Nordic self-reporting questionnaire. Demographic and work related data were collected into the check list. Out of 1984 individuals, 1439 questionnaires returned and mean age of study workers was 37.23 +/- 8.74 years old. Among workers, 46.3% in the past week and 61% in the last year claimed one of musculoskeletal disorders in their bodies. Lumbar, knee[s] and neck areas had the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders had significant association with the job time of work and BMI. Musculoskeletal disorders in Iranian steel industries happened in high rate. Ergonomic interventions strategies into the workplaces must be focused to eliminate environmental hazards such as apposition on the time of work and manual handling of heavy loads

[Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of nettle [Urtica Dioica] on glycemic index and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic patients]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nettle [Urtica dioica] on the glycemic and insulin resistance indices in type 2 diabetes patients

Materials and Methods: A single-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 type 2 diabetes patients. after adjusting for age, sex and duration of diabetes, patients were randomly divided into two groups; Intervention group [25 patients] and the controls [25 patients] Patients, consumed 100 mg/kg hydro alcoholic extract of nettle or placebo [divided into 3 portions] daily, by dissolving the extract in a glass of water and taking it after their main meals. Fasting blood sugar [FBS], glycated haemoglobin [HbA1C], fasting Insulin concentration and insulin resistance index were measured at the beginning and end of the eighth week of the intervention. Student t test and paired sample t-test were used with SPSS software version 18.0 for statistical analyses, P<0.05 being considered significant

Results: FBS and HbA1C showed a significant decrease in the intervention group compared to controls at the end of the eighth week of study [P<0.05]. No significant changes however in fasting Insulin concentration, and Insulin resistance index were seen at the end of the study [P>0.05]

Conclusion: The hydro alcoholic extract of nettle reduced FBS and HbA1C after 8 weeks intervention in type 2 diabetic patients, and can hence be recommended as auxiliary therapy in these patients

[Job stress among the nursing staff of Kashan hospitals]

Background: Job stress, the most important factor in reducing organizational productivity and the cause of psychosomatic disorders, today is more prevalent among the healthcare staff. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the level of job stress among the nursing staff of Kashan hospitals during 2009

Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 190 nurses of Kashan hospitals using the Osipow questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic data and six stress-inducing work roles [role overload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity, role boundary, responsibility and physical environment]. In addition, job stress was divided into four [subnormal, normal, moderate and severe] levels

Results: Results indicated that the 95.3% of nursing staff were found to have a normal level of job stress. No significant relationship was seen between the job stress and gender; however, there was a significant relation between the role insufficiency, role boundary, responsibility and physical environment and gender. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between the job stress and some factors [e.g. age, education, marital status, income and type of hospital]. The most frequent job stressors among the men and women were responsibility [90.2%] and role ambiguity [40.9%], respectively

Conclusion: Role ambiguity, responsibility and workload are the major sources of stress among the nursing staff

Effect of hydro-alcoholic nettle extract on lipid profiles and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients

Improvements in lipid profiles and blood pressure are essential for preventing complications of diabetes. Considering the strong inclination people have to use herbal medicines, we aimed to investigate the effects of hydro alcoholic nettle extract on lipid profiles and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients. A single-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 type 2 diabetes patients, randomly divided into two groups the intervention [n=25] and control [n=25]. Subjects in the intervention group consumed 100 mg/kg of hydro alcoholic nettle extract daily, while those in the control group consumed 100 mg/kg of placebo daily for 8 weeks. Lipid profiles, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and at the end of 8th week of intervention. The intervention group showed a significant reduction in levels of triglycerides [TG], SBP and plasma atherogenic indexes [LDL-C / HDL-C and TC / HDL-C] [P<0.05], and a significant increase in level of High Density Lipoproteins [HDL-C] [P<0.05], at the end of 8th week of intervention, compared to control group. No significant changes however were observed in Total Cholesterol [TC], Low density lipoproteins [LDL-C], and DBP at the end of 8th week of intervention. Hydro alcoholic extract of nettle had positive effects on the lipid profiles and blood pressure status of type 2 diabetes patients, indicating its consumption can be recommended as auxiliary therapy in patients for type 2 diabetes

Evaluation of anterior pituitary function following traumatic brain injury

Neuroendocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury [TBI] is frequently missed due to the absence of major symptoms and very often, no appropriate management is prescribed, thus delaying the patient recovery. This study is aimed to determine the frequency and pattern of anterior pituitary dysfunction following TBI. From June to December 2009, over a period of seven months, a total of 156 cases were admitted to a trauma center following TBI. Of the seventy patients, [61 males and 9 females mean age 30 years] included in the study, 39 patients had moderate [GCS; 9 - 12] and 31 cases had severe [GCS < 8] TBI. Patients were tested 6 months after injury for possible secretory abnormalities of anterior pituitary hormones. Anterior pituitary secretary function was assessed by measurement of serum levels of FT4, TSH, basal GH, IGF-1, 8 am Cortisol, FSH, LH, total testosterone and prolactin. Dynamic tests of ACTH and glucagon stimulation were used to evaluate the pituitary-adrenal axis and GH secretory status. Forty-one patients [58.6%] were found to be suffering from at least one hormonal secretory abnormality, with patterns and frequencies of: Gonadotropins [LH, FSH], 12.9%, corticotrophin [ACTH], 12.9%, somatotropin [GH], 4.3%, and prolactin [PRL], 1.4%. There was no case with thyrotropin deficiency. Hyperprolactinemia was found to be present in 23 cases [31.5%]. The results of this study showed that anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies occur frequently, 6 months following traumatic brain injury. The two most commonly involved axes were the pituitary-gonadal and the pituitary-adrenal. Hypocortisolism may be particularly harmful for the patients' health

[Study on the electrical charging effect the water droplets in spray tower scrubber efficiency on removal feldspar particles]

One of the modern ways introduced nowadays for the increase of the collection efficiency of particulate, is the use of electric charge in wet scrubbers. These systems can be used in places in which scrubbers can be used for contaminant collection. In fact, this system only increases the collection efficiency, and it is not a new technology for contaminant collection. First, according to ACGIH recommendation for pilot study a ventilation system was designed and installed. Later, water DC was charged by using an electric exchanger. [1275 Volt, DC] and product 3x 1014 electron on system. Air velocity in duct determined by Pitottube and pressure drop and speed Equations, and calculated sampling prop diameter with isokinetic condition consideration. Samples in the two flow rates of 20.3 and 11.4 liters per minute were made and overall 72 samples were collected. Sample analysis according to weight and data analysis using SPSS software was used. The collection efficiency of inhalable particles in the flow rate of 20.3 liter per minute in a non-electric intervention, and electric intervention with positive and negative charge was 66, 77.67 and 73 percent and in the flow rate of 11.4 liters per minute 60, 69.43 and 68.32 percent respectively. for non-inhalable particles the efficiency in the flow rate 20.3 liters per minute in a non-electric intervention and electric intervention with positive and negative charge was 94.67, 98.33 and 97.67 percent, and in the flow charge of 11/4 liters per minute the flow charge was 91.33, 95, and 97.33 percent respectively. The results obtained from the experiments, showed that in a certain flow rate, electric intervention increases the efficiency of inhalable particle collection. By the way, this electric intervention has no significant effect on non-inhalable particle collection. Also, the effect of electric intervention with positive charge, is higher than electric intervention with negative charge, and with the increase of water flow rate there is an increase in the collection efficiency of the inhalable and non-inhalable feldspar particles

Preparation and quality control of 153Sm-[tris[1, 10 -phenanthroline] samarium [III]] complex

The 153Sm-[tris[1, 10-phenanthroline] Samarium[III]]complex [153Sm-PL3] was prepared in view of development of targeting therapeutic compounds for malignancies, and interesting in-vitro anti-tumor activities of lanthanide phenanthroline complexes,. Sm-153 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron flux [4 × 1013 n.cm- 2.s-1] of enriched 152Sm2O3 sample, dissolved in acidic media. The labeling was performed in ethanol in 24h, controlled by ITLC [1.0mM DTPA, pH.5, as mobile phase]. The partition coefficient for the labeled compound was also determined. Results: A radiochemical yield of more than 95% was obtained. Radiochemical purity of 96% was obtained using ITLC with specific activity of about 27.75 GBq/mg. The radio-labeled complex was stable in aqueous solution at least 24 hours and no significant amount of free 153Sm was released from the complex. The partition coefficient for the labeled compound was determined [log P. 3.4]. The complex was stable in final formulation for 66h. The biological evaluation of the compound is under investigation. The radiolabeled compound used in this study was a very inexpensive and useful agent for the use as a therapeutic compound

Serial tumour markers serum carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 assays in detecting symptomatic metastasis in breast cancer patients

The value of serum tumour markers in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer is controversial. This prospective study in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran, assessed the value of the tumour markers carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA] and cancer antigen [CA] 15-3 in 159 patients with primary breast cancer. CEA and CA15-3 assays [mean 14 per patient] were performed at diagnosis, end of surgery and chemotherapy and every 3 months in the first 2 years and every 6 months in second 2 years of the follow-up period. During follow-up, 33 patients [20.8%] presented symptomatic metastasis. A significant relationship was seen between metastasis status and positive CEA and CA15-3 levels. The sensitivity and specificity were 66.7% and 98.4% for CEA respectively and 84.8% and 91.3% for CA15-3 respectively. Optimum cut-offs were 4.95 ng/mL and 30.5 U/mL for CEA and CA15-3 respectively

[Cost price estimation of radiology services in Shafa Hospital, Kerman, 2010]

Activity Based Costing is widely used as a cost measurement instrument to more closely approximate the true cost of operations. This study was aimed to estimate radiology services total cost in Shafa hospital, Kerman. This practical research was done by descriptive method in a Cross-sectional and retrospective form during year 2010. Data was collected trough direct observation, interviews and information sheets of hospital. Cost price of radiology services calculated by using activity based costing method and Excell software. Personnel cost involved 55.70% from total costs in the radiology department that is the highest share of department costs. Consuming materials obtained 7/57% of department costs. Nutrition cost's share was 1/23%. Water, electricity and telephone costs were/32% from total cost. Also, the depreciation cost equals 14/96% of total costs. Total cost in this ward was 1396273212 Rials from which 97/68% is related to direct costs and 2/32% to indirect costs. The results of research indicated that we can reduce the services cost price by improving performance management, especially human resource management initiatives and standardization of consumptions to reduce the consuming materials coat

[Optimization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification [LAMP] method for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2]

Type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex [HSV] virus cause infection of central nervous system [encephalitis] in human. The molecular techniques are the best methods for detection of HSV. In this study we evaluated the novel molecular technique of LAMP for detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2. In this experimental study 184 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] samples were collected from Mofid Hospital. DNA of every sample was extracted by use of Sinagen DNP kit. Based on the HSV DNA polymerase gene, a set of 6 primers were designed and sensitivity and specificity of this method were determined. By adding SYBER Green, LAMP product was identified. The results of LAMP method were compared to those of PCR by chi-square test. Sensitivity of LAMP method determined to be 5 copies/ tube and sensitivity of PCR method determined to be 50 copies/ tube. Both LAMP and PCR methods showed 100% specificity for detection of HSV type 1 and type 2. Among 184 samples, 60 samples were positive by LAMP but 45 samples were positive by PCR method. Sensitivity of LAMP was 10 times higher than that of PCR. Comparison of the results of the two methods by means of chi-square test showed a significant difference [p<0.05]. LAMP method had high sensitivity and specificity for detection of type 1 and type 2 HSV in CSF samples

survey on the Yazd pre-hospital emergency medical services' performance assessment, 2009-2010

Pre-hospital care has an important role in the management of critical patients. The more this management is appropriate, accurate and rapid, the less there is mortality and morbidity. It is therefore imperative to assess the current status of Emergency Medical Services [EMS] is to improve its performance. Three measures that can be considered in such assessments are the status of EMS staffing and equipments and more important, the response time of EMS system. This study had a main objective to survey these measures in Yazd pre-hospital EMS stations and to compare them with the existing standards. In a descriptive, analytical and cross- sectional study, we surveyed all 7 EMS stations of Yazd. We extracted the staffing status and the ambulance equipments through checklist and compared them with reference standards. Also, we surveyed 11961 run report forms from all stations that had been submitted to central station during 2008-2009. By using Excell software and descriptive statistics [percent, cumulative distribution and standard deviation],we calculated tractile response times for Yazd EMS and compared it with reference standards of Iran and North America. The results of the study showed that Yazd EMS system has major deficiencies in terms of staffing and access to advanced EMS equipments. Based on the results, only 1 station [14/3%] had sufficient staff. Also, none of the ambulances had the necessary equipments required for critical patients' management. Despite these deficiencies, 81/15% of response time was within 8 minutes, a reference standard for EMS. We concluded that the majority of call services in Yazd EMS have been responded in a suitable time interval compared with reference standards and country's approved EMS response time goal. Although, response time is an important factor in reducing morbidity and mortality in emergencies but deficiencies of personnel and equipments can affect the effectiveness of delivered services. There fore improving in staffing and equipments is an inevitable necessity to reach the goal

Pre-hospital emergency medical services in developing countries: a case study about EMS response time in Yazd, Iran

Pre-hospital emergency medical services, a subsystem of Emergency Medical Services [EMS], provides early care to critically ill and injured patients in the field. Time is an important factor in pre-hospital care and the length of time it takes to reach care, has a significant impact on patient outcome. This study aims to calculate the response time in EMS stations of Yazd, Iran. During 2008-2009, 11961 run report forms from all 7 EMS stations in Yazd that had been submitted to central station were surveyed. By using Excell statistical software and descriptive statistics [percent, cumulative distribution and standard deviation], we calculated fractile response times for Yazd EMS. 81.15 percent of response times were within 8 minutes as a referenced standard for EMS. The majority of call services in Yazd EMS have been responded in a suitable time interval comparing with reference standards and country's approved EMS response time goal, but there are still rooms for improvement

[Exposure rate of cardiovascular risk factors among clients of health-care clinics in Kashan, Autumn 2010]

Background and aim: Cardiovascular diseases are noncontiguous diseases which are caused by various factors. One of the most important of these factors is an unhealthy lifestyle. In Iran this disease has been one of the problems of this late decade and in other words, in comparison with the 10 main causes of death in 2009, it has been the most prevalent death factor in Kashan. The main purpose of this research, considering this problem, was investigating the encountering rate of cardiovascular risk factors in Kashan

Methods: This descriptive study was based on 336 clients who were selected through cluster sampling in health-care clinics in Kashan. The data was gathered through filling out questionnaires. These questionnaires consisted of five separate parts on information about: demographic, disease background, nutrition, smoking and physical activity. The research data was analyzed using Chi-square test

Results: BMI mean among the samples was 25.69. The common and main risk factor among these people include: consuming fried food [%97.9], low consumption of fish [%90.8], low consumption of grain [%79.8], low consumption of egg [%75.3], high consumption of meat [%69./3], high consumption of sweet or candy [%67.9], eating fatty food [%66.7] and with little physical activity [%66.4]. There are significant relationships between life style and gender [P=0.016] and education [P=0.019], also physical activity and job [P=0.013]

Conclusion: According to the obtained results in this study, the client's life styles were not in an appropriate condition. So there is a need to pay more attention to inform people to reduce the amount of fried food, meat, fatty food and sweet and increase the balanced amounts of fish, grain and cereal, egg, fruit, vegetable in their diets. It is also recommended that they should increase body activities and decrease smoking

[Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran and Bidgol city from April to September 2009]

Leishmaniasis caused by leishmania protozoa can be considered as a zoonotic disease. This disease caused major health problems in some parts of Iran. Aran and Bidgol city [Isfahan province, Iran] is considered as one of the endemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis [Salak]. For success in controlling the disease and to provide the necessary training for high-risk groups, the epidemiological data of disease in the region is required. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 94 patients admitted to the health center of Aran and Bidgol from April to September 2009. The demographic and epidemiologic data were collected and analyzed. Thirty percent [30.8%] of patients were in the age group of 1-9 years. The number of patients in urban areas was more than that of rural areas and in men more than women. Most of these cases were seen in Aran and Bidgol city [52.1%] and then in Abuzeydabad city [22.3%], respectively. Moreover, most cases of disease were found in July [37.2%] and 54.3% and 45.7% of cases were dry and wet cutaneous sores, respectively. It seems that the high incidence of disease in age group of 1-9 years is due to the susceptibility of this age group to leishmaniasis. Therefore, regulating the control training programs in this group is suggested

comparative survey of organizational commitment based on personal traits: a case study on nurses in Yazd training hospitals

Organizational commitment has been defined as [the relative strength of an individual's identification with and involvement in a particular organization]. Organizational commitment and factors that predict it has emerged as a promising area of research in recent decade for there is a strong evidence of link between high levels of commitment and favorable organizational outcomes. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the staffs personality traits [introversion - extraversion] and organizational commitment. This comparative - applied study was carried out in 2009-2010. The research population consisted of nurses working at Shahid Sad doghi and Shahid Rahnemoon hospitals. The sample [n=175] was selected by random sampling method. The data were collected by 2 valid questionnaires.organizational diagnosis questionnaire [ODQ] and Eysenck personality questionnaire [EPQ]. Data analysis was performed through SPSS[14] software using descriptive statistics and independent T-Test. The results of research indicated that the introvert and extrovert nurses are different in regards with their organizational commitment [p-v = 0/000]. Also, the organizational commitment was significantly different in both personality groups [introvert, extrovert] in terms of age group [P=0.003, 0.046] and job tenure group [p = 0/002, 0/042]. In the introvert group, organizational commitment was different based on the employment status [p = 0/017] but there was no difference in any group in terms of sex and marital status. The research results indicated that personality traits as a predictor of organizational commitment should be considered in human resources management

Gap analysis between perceptions and expectations of service recipients through servqual approach in Yazd, Afshar hospital

The quality of service is a key ingredient in the success of health care, organizations. Parasuraman, et al [1985] defined service quality as the differences between predicted or expected service [customer expectations] and perceived service [customer perception].Recently, service quality has become an important research topic for of its significant relationship to costs, profitability, customer satisfaction, customer retention and service guarantee. Several tools have therefore been developed to measure service quality but the Parasuraman 22 item servqual questionnaire created based on the gap model remains the most widely used tool in a variety of industries. This study attempts to replicate the servqual measurement of Parasuraman et al in determining the gap between perceptions and expectations of service recipients in Afshar hospital. This descriptive - applied study was carried out cross-sectionally in 2010. The research population consisted of patients admitted to Afshar hospital wards. Totally 84 patients were selected by sample size formula. The data were collected by 22-item servqual questionnaire designed according to gap model. Data analysis was carried out through SPSS and LISREL software using Kolmosrof - Smirnoff and paired sample t -test. The results demonstrated that there was a quality gap in Afshar hospital,that is, there were significant differences between expectations and perceptions of patients in servqual dimensions. Also, the study identified some critical and problematic items that have main roles in constructing observed quality gap. The existing quality gap means patients' expectations exceed their perceptions.Thus improvements are needed to be made across servqual dimensions

[Efficacy of oral angipars in chronic diabetes foot ulcer: a double blind placebo controlled study]

Diabetes mellitus is the most common human metabolic disease and chronic non healing diabetic foot ulcers are a critical complication for these patients. ANGIPARS is a new herbal extract which has been introduced to accelerate healing of these ulcers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral ANGIPARS in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers and also its effect on inflammatory blood markers. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 40 patients with diabetic foot ulcers of at least 4 weeks duration, were randomized to receive either oral ANGIPARS, or placebo twice a day, until the ulcer was completely healed or for a maximum of 6 weeks and followed up to 12 weeks. Standard foot ulcer care was given to all patients. The healing process was assessed with measuring ulcer surface area and time needed to achieve complete wound healing. Drug safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events, using clinical and laboratory evaluations. In both groups, wound surface area decreased significantly [p<0.0005]. Mean improvement ratio was 95.8% in the ANGIPARS group and 79.2% in the placebo group, although mean percent of wound area reduction in the former group was higher than in the placebo group at weekly assessments, this difference was not statistically significant [p=0.25] except for at the 4[th] week. [84/2% vs. 56%, p=0.013] Ultimately, complete wound healing was achieved in 90% and 70% of ANGIPARS group and placebo group, respectively, after 12 weeks. Time to achieve complete wound healing, also, was not different significantly in either groups. [6.2 vs 7.4 weeks, p=0.3] Significant reduction in ESR was sent in the ANGIPARS group. [p=0.04] There was no significant changes in laboratory parameters. Two complications most likely attributable to ANGIPARS reported were worsening of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in one patient and acute renal failure and acute hepatitis in another patient with diabetic nephropathy. Although ANGIPARS enhanced wound healing at least within weeks 2 to 4 of treatment, we did not observe a significant effect in the outcome. Therefore, standard foot ulcer care seems to be the cornerstone of diabetic foot ulcer management and ANGIPARS should probably be reserved for treatment of the non-healing or difficult-to-heal ulcers that do not respond to standard treatments. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy of this new herbal extract

[Effects of total extract of urtica dioica on insulin and c-peptide secretion from rat [RIN5F] pancreatic beta cells and glucose utilization by human muscle cells]

The hypoglycemic effects of the Uritca Dioica [UD] extract, used for treatment of diabetes mellitus for many centuries, have been documented in several studies. The present study was designed to determine the possible mechanisms of hypoglycemic effects of UD on human muscle cells and RIN5F rat pancreatic beta cells. In the cell culture laboratory of the Drug Applied Research Center, pancreatic Beta cells and human muscle cells were prepared in multiple flasks containing culture media. Alcoholic extract of UD at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 micro g/mL were added to muscle cell flasks. The same concentrations of extract plus insulin were added to other muscle cell flasks.Glucose levels were measured in the flasks before and after 60, 120, and 180 minutes after adding of extract. Also the same concentration of UD were added to flask containing RIN5F rat pancreatic beta cells, and insulin and C-peptide level were measured at 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Mean glucose level in the muscle cell media with UD alone and UD plus insulin, at the concentrations and time intervals mentioned, did not change significantly. Insulin levels in pancreatic cells media, before and after applying of UD at different concentrations, and at different times was